---------------- ------------- | | | | | App FS---|-----| block srvr|----- FS on other hosts | | | | | | | | |--------------| | ------------- | | | | | | ------------- | | Kernel | | | | | | NFS Client | ---| lock srvr |--- | | | | ---------------- -------------We supply you with a block server, block server client interface, and a skeletal file server that knows little more than how to parse NFS RPC calls. Your job in this lab is to design and implement directories. You'll have to choose a representation with which to store directories in the block server and implement the CREATE, LOOKUP, and READDIR NFS RPCs.
% wget -nc http://pdos.lcs.mit.edu/6.824/labs/lab-2.tgz % tar xzvf lab-2.tgz % cd lab-2 % gmakeNow you should start the block server on one of the class machines. You'll need to choose a UDP port number that other students aren't using. If, for example, you choose to run the block server on host suffering on port 3772, you should type this on suffering:
suffering% cd ~/lab-2 suffering% ./blockdbd 3772 &At this point you can start up the file server, called ccfs. It will mount itself as a file server for a sub-directory under /classfs, and you must tell it a name for that sub-directory. You must also tell ccfs the host name and port number of the block server. By default, the file server initializes a new file system in the block server, chooses a new random file handle for the root directory, and prints out the root handle. You can optionally specify an existing root handle. (The block server keeps its state in memory, so you can't use a root handle after you re-start blockdb.) Here's how to start the file server and tell it to mount on /classfs/dir:
anguish% ./ccfs dir suffering 3772 & root file handle: 2d1b68f779135270 anguish% touch /classfs/dir/file touch: /classfs/dir/file: Input/output error anguish%Clearly the file server is not very functional. It implements a few NFS RPCs (FSINFO, GETATTR and ACCESS), returns error replies for CREATE, LOOKUP, and READDIR, and simply does nothing for the remaining RPCs.
When you're done with the lab, you should be able to run commands like this in your file system:
anguish% ./ccfs dir anguish 4455 & root file handle: 01a2d816f726da05 anguish% cd /classfs/dir anguish% ls anguish% touch a anguish% ls -lt total 0 -rw-rw-rw- 0 root wheel 0 Feb 9 11:10 a anguish% touch b anguish% ls -lt total 0 -rw-rw-rw- 0 root wheel 0 Feb 9 11:10 b -rw-rw-rw- 0 root wheel 0 Feb 9 11:10 a anguish%
If all goes well, your file server should also support sharing the file system on other hosts via the block cache. So you should then be able to do this on suffering:
suffering% ./ccfs dir anguish 4455 01a2d816f726da05 & suffering% cd /classfs/dir suffering% ls -lt total 0 -rw-rw-rw- 0 root wheel 0 Feb 9 11:10 b -rw-rw-rw- 0 root wheel 0 Feb 9 11:10 a suffering%The extra argument to ccfs (01a2d816f726da05) is the root file handle printed by the ccfs on anguish. It tells ccfs on suffering where to look for the file system in the block server.
If your server passes the tester (see below), then you are done. If you have questions about whether you have to implement specific pieces of NFS server functionality, then you should be guided by the tester: if you can pass the tests without implementing something, then don't bother implementing it. For example, you don't need to implement the exclusive create semantics of the CREATE RPC.
Please modify only fs.C and fs.h. You can make any changes you like to these files. Please don't modify the block server or its client interface (blockdbc.C and blockdbc.h), since we may test your file server against our own copy of the block server.
anguish% ./test-lab-2.pl /classfs/dir create file-69301-0 create file-69301-1 ... Passed all tests!The tester creates lots of files with names like file-XXX-YYY and checks that they appear in directory listings.
If test-lab-2.pl exits without printing "Passed all tests!", then it thinks something is wrong with your file server. For example, if you run test-lab-2.pl on the fs.C we give you, you'll probably see an error message like this:
test-lab-2: cannot create /classfs/dir/file-69503-0 : Input/output error
This error message is the result of this line at the end of fs::nfs3_lookup(), which you should replace with a working implementation of LOOKUP:
nc->error(NFS3ERR_IO);
You will be using the block server to store the file system, just as an ordinary file system is stored on a hard disk. In future labs you'll have to choose a format in which to store each file's contents; in this lab you must choose the format for file and directory "meta-data". Meta-data includes per-file information (for example file length) and directory contents.
NFS requires a file system to store certain generic information for every file and directory, such as owner, permissions, and modification times. This information corresponds to an i-node in an on-disk UNIX file system. The easiest way for you to store this information is to store an NFS fattr3 structure in the block server, using the file handle as the key. Then when an RPC arrives with the file handle as argument it is easy to fetch the corresponding file or directory's information. The file server we give you uses the file handle as key and an fattr3 structure as the block value, but you are free to change this setup.
The other meta-data that you must store in the block server are the contents of each directory. A directory's content is a list names, each with a file handle. Since you're storing this information in the block server, you have to choose a key under which to store the information, and a format for the information. The CREATE RPC must add an entry to the relevant directory's list, the LOOKUP RPC must search the list, and the READDIR RPC must return each entry from the list.
The reason you should store all the file system data in the block server (and not just in the memory of your file server) is that in later labs you will be serving the same file system contents on multiple hosts, each with its own file server. The only way they can share data is by reading and writing the block server.
The design of the NFS RPCs assumes that the server implements a file system similar to that of UNIX. You may want to look at Sections III and IV of The UNIX Time-Sharing System by Ritchie and Thompson to learn about the UNIX file system. Section IV of the paper explains how UNIX represents the file system on a hard disk, which might help you think about how to represent a file system in the block server.
You should consult the NFS v3 specification for information about what the NFS RPCs mean. The spec describes the fattr3 data type, as well as the arguments, return values, and intended behavior of the CREATE, LOOKUP, and READDIR RPCs. You may also want to consult the book "NFS Illustrated" by Brent Callaghan.
Many of the fields in the fattr3 structure aren't very important. You can see an example of initializing a new fattr3 structure (which your CREATE RPC will have to do) in fs::new_root(). Since you're creating an ordinary file you'll want to set the type field to NF3REG, not NF3DIR. Here's some sample code to initialize a fattr3 structure for an ordinary file in a CREATE RPC:
int mode = 0;
if(a->how.obj_attributes->mode.set)
mode = *a->how.obj_attributes->mode.val;
nfs_fh3 fh;
new_fh(&fh);
fattr3 fa;
bzero(&fa, sizeof(fa));
fa.type = NF3REG;
fa.mode = mode;
fa.nlink = 1;
fa.fileid = fh2fileid(fh);
fa.atime = fa.mtime = nfstime();
Your CREATE RPC should check to see if the file already exists. It it does, it should just return the existing file handle.
You can learn more about NFS loopback servers and asynchronous programming in the loop-back NFS paper. You can find the sources for this software at www.fs.net or in /u/6.824/sfs-0.7.2 and /u/6.824/classfs-0.0. You can see the NFS RPC definitions in /u/6.824/sfs-0.7.2/svc/nfs3_prot.x. The output of the RPC compiler is in /u/6.824/sfs-0.7.2-build/svc/nfs3_prot.h.
You can learn more about the asynchronous programming library (wrap, callbacks, str, and strbuf) by reading the Libasync Tutorial.
The block server stores key/value pairs. Both keys and values are byte arrays; the block server does not interpret them. The block server supports put(key,value), get(key), and remove(key) RPCs. Your code will use the client interface provided by blockdbc.h and blockdbc.C. The skeleton file server class already contains an instance of the client interface that you can use via db->put() and db->get(). Have a look at fs::get_fh() and fs::put_fh() in fs.C for examples.
You will probably need to provide a directory entry for "." in the root directory that refers to the root directory itself. The ls command sometimes needs to list files from ".". You could try to fake "." on the fly in the LOOKUP RPC implementation, or create a real directory entry in fs::new_root_cb().
Look in fs.C at fs::nfs3_getattr() and fs::nfs3_access() for examples of complete RPC handlers. You can change them if you want to. Look at fs::nfs3_create(), fs::nfs3_readdir(), and fs::nfs3_lookup() for sample code that uses the RPC arguments and formats an RPC reply. You will need to change these last three functions, and you will also have to add one or more callbacks to each as part of reading and writing blocks.
A directory consists of a set of directory entries. Each directory entry contains a file name (or subdirectory name) and a file handle. In order to store this data in the block server you'll probably need to write a function that copies a file handle and name into a buffer of bytes, and a function that does the reverse. fs.C includes the functions fs::pack_dirent() and fs::unpack_dirent() that contain sample code, which you can use if you find it convenient. Here's how to call unpack_dirent():
// str data probably comes from a get() from blockdb. bool allocated; nfs_fh3 fh; str name; // copy information out of data into allocated, fh, and name. unpack_dirent(data, allocated, fh, name);You might also find the strbuf class helpful for packing and unpacking data blocks stored on the block server. A strbuf provides a buffer to which you can append str's with the << operator. strbuf allocates and expands its buffer automatically. When you're done, you can cast the strbuf to a str so that you can (for example) pass it to db->put(). Here's an example:
strbuf buf; // create an empty buffer
int n = 23;
buf << str((char*)&n, sizeof(n)); // append a binary integer
str name("hello");
buf << name;
str s = str(buf);
Look at fs::pack_dirent() in fs.C for an example of how to use strbuf.
You may be able to find memory allocation errors with dmalloc by typing this before running ccfs:
anguish% setenv DMALLOC_OPTIONS debug=0x24f47d03,inter=10
You can see a trace of all RPC requests that your server receives, and its responses, by setting the ASRV_TRACE environment variable, like this:
env ASRV_TRACE=10 ./ccfs ...You may find ASRV_TRACE useful in helping you figure out what to work on first: you'll want to implement whatever RPC shows up first in the trace output with an error reply (or no reply at all). Chances are the first such RPC will be a LOOKUP.
You can find out where a program crashed if you run it under gdb (the GNU debugger).
anguish% gdb ccfs (gdb) run dir localhost 5566Then run the tester, or whatever it is that makes ccfs crash. gdb will print something like this when the program crashes:
Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault. 0x806a108 in fs::nfs3_create (this=0x8144600, pnc=0x814d240) at fs.C:749 749 *((char *) 0) = 1; (gdb)This means that the program crashed in function nfs3_create(), in file fs.C, at line 749. Often the problem is actually in the calling function. You can see the entire call stack with gdb's where command, which shows you function names and line numbers. You can move up and down the call stack with gdb's up and down commands. You can print arguments and variables of the current point in the call stack with the print command.
gmake handin. Copy this file to
~/handin/lab-2-handin.tgz. We will use the first
copy of the file that we find after the deadline.